ONE TOWN SQUARE: at the intersection of peak oil, climate change, and land use

Dan Weintraub argues at The Automatic Earth that the folks in charge really know better. They’re embracing “extend and pretend” fiscal policies in the present because they are deathly afraid of the alternative. They’re kicking the fiscal can down the road for a while longer so as head off the discontent and civil strife that always accompanies increases in austerity along with its attendant human suffering. The ruling elite understands all too well that present fiscal and monetary policies will fail to fix the underlying and most fundamental and socially destructive of all economic ills – those of an ever-widening gap between rich and poor, and the absolute disaster caused by an ever-shrinking, formerly self-sustaining American middle class. According to Weintraub, Krugman advocates for, and Bernanke is pursuing, policies whose aim is to keep civil strife from destroying, in the near term, the very fabric of American society. Weintraub errs, I think, only in failing to include Obama in his circle of conspirators.

As Tom Whipple observes, what we’re experiencing isn’t a routine downturn in the business cycle which can be cured by Keynesian stimuli favored by the Democrats or tax cuts favored by the Republicans. Rather, it’s the ending of a period of 200 years of abundant energy that allowed us to build an extremely complex civilization based on dozens of interrelated systems without which we can no longer live. The most important and the most overlooked system is the global biosphere. The consequences of its devastation for humans and all life on Earth are only now, too late, beginning to become evident.  At the same time our very complex civilization has begun to exhaust the sources of energy and numerous other raw materials that built and maintained it.

In our politics, we are struggling to return to a civilization which is no longer possible – and the inevitable failure of that effort is likely to be explosive. Whipple seconds Weintraub’s warnings of impending social chaos:

If anyone thinks the employment situation is difficult, wait a few years until the very high priced motor fuels makes discretionary car travel unaffordable. Millions upon millions of jobs in the retail, travel, hospitality, recreational, and dozens of other industries will be lost.The current efforts by various levels of government to stimulate job creation or save people from home foreclosures will prove to be ridiculously inadequate. A completely new paradigm of what we do to sustain life is going to have to emerge or things will become far worse than most of us have ever known. Modern civilization simply cannot stand a situation in which a substantial share of its people is destitute. The potential for social disorder is too great.

“A completely new paradigm” – doesn’t that sound lovely? Carolyn Baker is more blunt: what we are experiencing is the collapse of industrial civilization. And while we we can wax eloquent about rebirth, we absolutely refuse to acknowledge the death that makes it possible.  We don’t dare talk about the pain and suffering that collapse will entail. Any transition to a new paradigm of resilience and self-sufficiency won’t be accomplished without great suffering and painful loss. The path leads where it will, whether we like it or not. As Baker reminds us, transition requires an internal journey as well – a journey of the human spirit, the hero’s journey. And each of us is being called.

The buzz this week is over the IEA’s newly-released World Energy Outlook 2010. The two most interesting commentaries I’ve run across are by Kjell Aleklett at Countercurrents.org and by the staff at The Oil Drum.

Here’s Aleklett:

In WEO 2010 the IEA continues its tradition of predicting future oil demand without considering if supplying it is possible. Last year the IEA stressed the importance of oil for economic growth and concluded that 106 million barrels per day (mb/d) would be required by 2030, an increase of about 20 mb/d above current production. This year the IEA only predicts 99 mb/d by 2035 and avoids any discussion of economic growth. We can interpret this as meaning that the desired economic growth is not possible.

* * *

In WEO 2010 the IEA presents facts that mean only one thing – the peak of oil production is imminent. By showing this data without announcing this obvious conclusion the IEA is making a cry for help to do what, for them, is politically impossible. WEO 2010 is a cry for help to tell the truth about peak oil.

The Oil Drum piece ticks off the dubious assumptions underlying the report, which include:

• Net Energy. The WEO assumes all energy resources are equal, without considering ‘net energy – or in other words, energy return on energy invested (EROEI).
• Quality of Energy. One cannot simply substitute one type of energy for another, for example, electricity for gasoline.
• Economic consequences. Recessionary impacts may be the signal that the amount of net energy that the economy is receiving is too low.
• OPEC Politicized Reserves. The reserve figures from many of the countries that are being relied upon for increased oil production are untrustworthy.
• Questionable USGS Reserves. USGS published its last major set of reserve estimates in 2000, but it is not clear that these estimates are very useful in determining how much is actually extractable at prices economies can afford to pay. For example, just last week the USGS announced that most of the oil resources it had previously estimated to be in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska were in fact natural gas resources (of little economic value because the natural gas can’t be delivered to markets).
• No consideration of the “export land model.” As oil use by oil exporters rises each year, oil available for export to oil-consuming countries has been declining for the past five years.
• Overly Rosy View of Unconventional Natural Gas. Currently, production of shale gas is high and prices are low – but this may be a temporary aberration. Some think, as argued in this article and this article at The Oil Drum, that production costs are in reality much higher than current market prices, reflecting the low net energy return of these deposits. If the energy return of unconventional gas is too low, it may end up being left in the ground.
• Assumption that major improvements in energy intensity of GDP can be expected in the future. The EIA assumes huge reductions in energy usage per unit of GDP. Is this realistic?

• Failure to consider constraints other than oil – such as lack of water; depleting mineral ores; shortage of rare earth minerals; and limits on biofuels, such as lack of arable land and soil degradation due to repeated removal of organic material.
• Failure to consider cumulative costs. Under any scenario, huge investments in new energy and related systems will be required. Where will the capital come from, when governments are already spending far more than they are taking in in taxes and when the world’s financial system is already on the ropes?

The 2010 edition of the World Energy Outlook was released today (9 November), providing the International Energy Agency’s updated projections of energy demand, production, trade and investment, fuel by fuel and region by region to 2035.

The report, in a new approach, considers three scenarios: current policies; new policies (which assumes commitments on climate change action are honored);  and 450 (this last scenario assumes aggressive action to limit global warming to 2° C – but not enough to get back to the 350 ppm necessary to minimize the risk of climate catastrophe).

The assumptions underlying the “new policies” scenario are far from realistic. Gail the Actuary has posted this chart from the report at The Oil Drum revealing the questionable assumptions regarding future crude oil production.

Conventional crude oil is shown as holding steady to 2035 at a level slightly below peak levels reached in the period 2005-2008, reflecting some cutback in demand as a result of changes in governmental policies from the “current policies” scenario. In the “new policies” scenario, the IEA projects that oil will not peak until at least 2035 (production does peak, at 86 mb/d, just before 2020 in the 450 scenario – but not due to resource constraints). But notice where the bulk of the world’s oil is projected to come from by then: from “fields yet to be developed or found.” Are we willing to bet our future on the come?

Also, Saudi Arabia is expected to provide the major portion of increased production.

Unfortunately for the EIA, greatly increasing production is something the Saudis have said they won’t be doing. Rather, Saudi Arabia’s King Abdullah has said the kingdom will be saving the country’s hydrocarbon wealth for future generations. Saudi production, at least so far, peaked in 2005 at 9.6 million barrels/day. The Saudis themselves are saying that their production will never exceed ~12 million b/d, under the best of circumstances. And when Ghawar peaks, all bets on future Saudi production are off. Bottom line: even if Saudi Arabia is capable of increasing production and maintaining those increased levels of production over time – which is doubtful – the kingdom has said it won’t do so.

The agency forecasts that China’s demand will soar by 75% between 2008 and 2035, compared to an overall surge of 36% in international energy use. While Americans would still lead the world in per capita energy use, China will overtake the United States as the world’s largest energy user. China’s increased energy use is bad news for Earth’s climate.

The most troubling thing about the EIA’s approach is that it’s demand-driven: the EIA first figures out what the demand for energy would be under its various scenarios, and then deduces where the energy will come from.For example, here’s their scenario of oil demand through 2035 should nations take aggressive action to limit atmospheric CO2 to 450 ppm.

What’s missing is any realization that geological constraints rule, that economic constraints are a consequence of underlying geological realities, and that demand is just a poor stepchild. The current economic crisis should have driven that lesson home.

Conservation biologist and climate scientist Guy McPherson is guardedly optimistic:  the consequences of peak oil might, just might, bring the industrial economy to an overdue close, just in time. At least that’s what he told Kurt Cobb.

There’s no chance – zero – that humans will voluntarily do what is necessary to avoid climate catastrophe. Even Christiana Figueres, the UN’s new climate chief, admits that a comprehensive “big bang” global climate treaty is not possible.

For a graphic representation of why nothing but systemic collapse can save humans from themselves, take a look at this graph posted by Joseph Romm at Climate Progress:

While people have been flapping their lips, talking about doing something to avert climate catastrophe, their actions speak the truth: left to our own devices, we will commit planetary suicide. We are committing planetary suicide.

Update: as if increasing coal consumption isn’t bad enough, there’s this:

In a bid to shore up its precarious energy security Japan is to start commercial test drilling for controversial frozen methane gas along its coast next year.

The gas is methane hydrate, a sherbet-like substance consisting of methane trapped in water ice – sometimes called “fire ice” or MH – that is locked deep underwater or under permafrost by the cold and under pressure 23 times that of normal atmosphere. . .

Concerns had been raised that digging for frozen methane would destabilise the methane beds, which contain enough gas worldwide to snuff out most complex life on earth. Methane itself is a greenhouse gas which is 21 times as damaging as carbon dioxide and any leakage from wells could be an environmental problem. . .

Environmentalists, however, are concerned about the burning of more earth-locked hydrocarbons. Methane may be a cleaner-burning fossil fuel than coal or oil but will still release many tons of CO2.

Pray for collapse. Plan for collapse. Work for collapse. Collapse is humanity’s only hope.

Nicloe Foss (aka Stoneleigh at Automatic Earth) presents, in an extensive interview with Jim Pupluva, the most cogent exposition I’ve yet seen on how peak oil will (indeed, already is) manifesting itself in the world of finance.

I think over the next few years, finance is going to rewrite the energy debate. Which is not to say that, you know, I in any way deny peak oil. Obviously, I think peak oil is a fact, is a given, but I think that the way finance is going to interact with peak oil is absolutely critical.

Foss sees energy as a key driver on the way up the growth ladder – but finance is the key driver on the way down because it plays out so quickly. The credit expansion we experienced was grounded in ponzi dynamics – but the real economy was actually hollowed out from the inside, devoid of structure, and very much prone to implosion. The financial crisis is resulting in excess claims to underlying real wealth being extinguished, and that is deflation by definition. As economies collapse (triggered in part by energy price spikes), falling demand for energy drastically undercuts price support for energy because energy supplies are still geared to a previous higher level of demand. However, moving forward, low prices mean no investment, no exploration, no drilling, no maintenance.  All of these things set up a supply collapse a few years down the line. While a financial crisis buys you time initially, it aggravates the situation with peak oil in the longer term – like maybe only five years.

Foss’ prognosis for the future is not pretty:

So we’re going to have, this is going to be remembered, I think, as a time of financial crisis for the next few years, but beyond that, I think the energy crisis is really going to bite. And if we get to a point where the economy is trying to recover again, it is going to hit a hard energy ceiling at a very much lower level than was previously available. And at that point, the limits are hard.

Tom Whipple in a commentary at the Falls Creek News-Press titled “Politics in the Great Transition” steps back and takes a longer view:

Someday there will be thousands of scholarly books on how political systems coped or failed during the transition from fossil fuel-sustained civilizations to that which is to come. For now, however, there are practically none as only a relative handful of the 6.7 billion on earth today have even a glimmer that the great transition is underway.

Indeed, it will be many years before we begin to appreciate the dimensions of how the various forms of government, (parliamentary democracies, theocracies, military dictatorships, “Communism” etc.) that have evolved around the world will cope with the great multi-decadal transition to civilizations that can function with little or no fossil fuel. Some already are predicting anarchy as industries, businesses, and monetary system crumble without their accustomed sources of energy; some talk of the great wars that will be fought over dwindling energy resources; and some foresee a return to pastoral towns akin to life in the 18th and 19th centuries – albeit after much social turmoil.

Whipple says that people today do not yet understand that the oil age has started drawing to a close and that a massive change is already underway. In but a few years it will be obvious to everyone that the world’s oil supply has started to decline. At that point the blather about getting the economy growing again will be over, subsumed by concern with social stability and survival.

Restoring the American dream of ever expanding prosperity is not possible. Whipple’s vision of the near future is strikingly similar to Foss’:

No one and no political party can put oil, coal, and other minerals back in the ground. Not the Democrats, or Republicans, or Greens, or Tea Partiers, or Communists, or Social Democrats, or Fascists, or Monarchists can quickly stop the glaciers and ice caps from melting, the seas from rising, and droughts and floods from reducing the food supply. For the foreseeable future, America seems destined for political gridlock while politicians argue issues that were appropriate for a bygone era. The only solution to this is likely to be a great shock that gets everyone’s attention. As debilitating consequences from global warming are likely decades away, a permanent oil price spike seems like the way we will get everyone’s attention. Such a shock may be one, three, or five years away, but it will come and with it radical changes in the political landscape.

An analysis of coal production by Tadeusz Patzek at The University of Texas at Austin and Gregory Croft at the University of California, Berkeley concludes that the global peak of coal production from existing coalfields will occur close to the year 2011. The study was published in Energy, the International Journal.

After 2011, the production rates of coal and CO₂ decline, reaching 1990 levels by the year 2037, and reaching 50% of the peak value in the year 2047. In other words, the peak of global coal production from the existing coalfields is imminent, and coal production from these areas will fall by 50% in the next 40 years.

The CO2 emission estimates used for government policy decisions assume unlimited coal and fossil fuel production for the next 100 years, an unrealistic premise that skews climate change models and proposed solutions. Co-author Tad Patzek observes:

The IPCC carbon estimates, which are used by all major decision makers, are based on economic and policy considerations that appear to be unconstrained by geophysics.

Gregor Macdonald has posted this chart at The Oil Drum which neatly shows the headwinds facing the U.S. “economy”.

It’s not going to get any prettier in the future. We’re going to have to figure out what prosperity could look like in an environment where energy is going to become an ever more precious commodity.

Last year governments world-wide provided $43 – $46 billion of support to renewable energy through subsidies such as tax credits, guaranteed electricity prices known as feed-in tariffs, and alternative energy credits.

Sounds pretty good, right?

But not so fast. In 2008, governments provided $557 billion in subsidies to fossil fuels.

An analysis by Bloomberg New Energy Finance shows that the global direct subsidy for fossil fuels is at least ten times the subsidy for renewables.

The July 2010 edition of Oilwatch Monthly reports that both crude oil and liquid fuels production continue their slow decline from peak levels. The charts below taken from the report are posted at The Oil Drum.

Oil consumption in the twenty-seven countries of the European Union peaked in 2006 and has since been declining at a rate of 3% per year. Oil consumption in the transport sector in the EU began to decline in 2008, dropping 1.4% from 2007. Oil consumption in road transport fell, offsetting a continuing but slowing rise in air transport consumption.

Using less oil than the U.S. does not mean the EU is less prosperous than the U.S. EU nations consume only 60% of the oil as does the U.S., but the gross domestic product of the combined 27 EU nations exceeds that of the U.S. by 15%.

China has overtaken the United States as the world’s largest consumer of energy, according to data from Paris-based International Energy Agency. The IEA said China consumed the equivalent of 2.25 billion tons of oil last year, slightly above U.S. consumption of 2.17 billion tons. The measure includes all types of energy: oil, nuclear, coal, natural gas and renewable energy sources.

This chart is posted at The Daily Reckoning:

As this chart posted at The Daily Reckoning shows, China has a long way to go to catch up with U.S. per capita energy consumption:

40% of the world’s population – China and India – uses two barrels of oil per person per day. In the US, we use 25.

China dismissed the IEA’s analysis, saying the IEA data on China’s energy use is unreliable. China’s National Bureau of Statistics said in a report in February that China’s energy consumption last year stood at 3.1 billion tons of standard coal equivalent, or 2.132 billion tons of oil equivalent. Even by China’s reckoning, China is fast approaching U.S. energy consumption levels.

In June, China consumed approximately 9.4 million barrels each and every day. Of this total, they imported 5.44 million barrels. Between them, China and India together now consume about 28 million barrels-per-day, nearly 33% of the world total.

But while China’s oil consumption is rising and China is busy locking up future oil supplies around the world, U.S. oil consumption is declining – and improved efficiency has nothing to do with it. Oil consumption has likely peaked in the United States because our economy is trashed and likely to remain so. In 2007, the last year before the crash, American oil consumption often exceeded 21 million barrels per day. Those days are over. U.S. consumption is now bouncing around 19 mbd, a decline of ~10%.

Rural life is extremely energy intense, especially in terms of oil. Exurban living – people living “consumer lives with prettier views” – depends on very long supply lines. Alex Stefan at Worldchanging explains why the exurban lifestyle is not only not “green”, it is at risk in an environment where energy prices can go nowhere but up.

[W]e know that big, dense cities are greener; that the energy used in shipping food is a small portion of its overall impact, that transit is more energy efficient than driving (and indeed, that cars are the largest contributor to climate change), and that the benefits of urban living in compact, walkable, wired communities can extend far beyond living in smaller homes, served by more efficient infrastructure and not owning a car, to include a dramatic overall drop in one’s environmental impact. What’s more, we know why these things are so[.]

Unfortunately for people living in rural areas, we know a lot more about how to live a prosperous-yet-low-impact urban life than we do about how to live a rural life of equal prosperity with a small ecological footprint. Rural areas are poorer than urban areas, and offer fewer opportunities. Envisioning how people rural areas  will be able to prosper and live decent lives  in an environment bereft of cheap and abundant energy is a challenge that has yet to be faced.

Luis de Souza at The Oil Drum: Europe writes that, rather than thinking of electricity generation load regimes as “base load” and “peak load”, it’s more accurate and useful to think in three categories: base load, intermediate load, and peak load. Electricity demand is not constant, but varies over the course of the day and over weeks and months. Variability of demand over time can be foreseen rather well: the daily, weekly, and seasonal fluctuations are very pronounced and predictable. Thus, the bulk of load-following can be planned long ahead, making it a scheduled form of operation. For the power plant operator, scheduled operation also means that the plant’s average load factor, even if well short of 100%, is rather stable and predictable.

The three-part scheme can be laid out as follows:

1. Base load: plants operated at constant power output, at maximum whenever possible
2. Intermediate load: plants operated with slow variation in power output on regular schedule to follow expected variation in demand, to cover the gap between expected demand and expected base load
3. Peak load: plants operated with fast variation, responding to minute peaks in demand above or below the pre-planned part of supply

. . . and is illustrated in this graph:

If the majority of the lifetime costs of a power plant are upfront investment costs, then the unit costs of electricity produced will be the lower the more the plant is operated and the operator will want to operate it at maximum whenever possible (the very definition of base load).

In the lifetime costs of both wind power and photovoltaics, fixed, up-front investment costs dominate, so these renewable sources operate as part of base load. But unlike conventional base load, wind and solar are intermittent sources: power output depends on weather, time of day, and season. Distributing these sources over a grid spread out over a larger geographical area can reduce weather-related intermittency, but can’t make it go away.

De Souza’s piece examines ways of de-carbonizing base load and intermediate load, including hydro and pumped hydro, biomass, demand management, natural balancing, solar thermal with storage, nuclear, stimulated geothermal, and distributed storage (including flywheels, batteries, capacitors, fuel cells, etc). His conclusion? None are completely satisfactory – and probably most will be needed.

Since peaking in 2006, world nuclear power generation has fallen each year, as shown in this graph posted at The Oil Drum.

Aging nuclear facilities in the developed countries could mean this pattern will continue. The only group of countries showing an increase in nuclear power generation in 2009 was the “Remainder” group, which includes China, India, and many developing nations.

Gail the Actuary suggests growth in nuclear generation may be limited to a few countries which are able to finance new reactors – perhaps China and some other Asian nations. As old reactors are taken off line elsewhere, total nuclear electric generation may continue to decline.

Would any nuclear power plant ever get financed and built in the U.S. without federally funded support and federal limits on industry liability in case of an accident?

The Land Institute near Salina, Kansas has been crossing selected strains of wild intermediate wheatgrass grain with annual wheat varieties to breed a commercially practical perennial grain. Gene Logsdon at OrganicToBe.org reports that pancakes made with flour (trademarked Kernza ™) from the resulting grain is pretty tasty.

The flour makes a light dough and the pancakes taste just a tad sweeter than ordinary wheat flour.  * * * It is exceptionally high in some nutrients known to be important to human health and deficient in many modern diets: Omega 3 fatty acids, calcium, lutein, and betaine. It is particularly high in folate, important for preventing stroke, cancer, heart disease and infertility. Folate is also believed to be important for maintaining good mental health in old age.  My mind generally glazes over when reading about nutrient values of various foods so that folate might come in handy. To me the important thing is that for once something that is good for me tastes good too. Kernza ™ does not have enough gluten in it to use alone for leavened breads, but as more and more crosses are made with it and regular wheat, all things are possible.

Being able to grow grain without plowing up millions of acres of soil every year would cut down on erosion and help build soil tilth while enabling farmers to cut way back on fuel and greenhouse gas emissions – saving farmers both time and money in the bargain.

But the search won’t be over until researchers come up with a good perennial bread flour.

Gail the Actuary (Gail Tverberg) has a thought-provoking post at The Oil Drum about the Energy Information Administration’s new Energy Outlook 2010.

Any clouds on the horizon? Not according to the EIA. This graph shows projected energy consumption out to 2035.

Peak oil? Not a chance.

The growth in liquid fuel supplies is to be spurred by increased demand. Ask, and it shall be yours.

Here’s the most amazing projection: after steady declines for nearly 40 years, U.S. oil production is going to resume a growth track!

The odds of this scenario actually coming to pass were about nil – even before the Deepwater Horizon fiasco. This is magical thinking at its most absurd.

If the EIA’s projections were to play out, what would that mean for efforts to stop global warming? Apparently, no one at EIA is even asking.

We ought to establish a new category here – for “fantasy” or maybe “fiction”.

Andrew Rivken at the New York Times asks, is last year’s drop in U.S. CO2 emissions a blip or a trend?

According to the EIA report U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions in 2009: A Retrospective Review, U.S. energy-related carbon dioxide emissions fell by 7.0% last year. The downturn of the economy was responsible for only 2.4% of that reduction.

Population, per capita GDP, energy intensity of the economy, and carbon intensity of the energy supply all contribute to emissions. The only factor that increased in 2009 was population, by 0.9%. The remaining three factors – GDP, energy intensity, and carbon intensity – combined in roughly equal proportions to cause emissions to fall by 7.0%

The financial crisis hit the industrial sector of the economy the hardest, and energy usage by industry correspondingly fell the most – by 9.9%. Output from energy-intensive industries such as primary metals (-33.9%) and nonmetallic minerals (-17.4%) fell much faster than total industrial production, reflecting the fact that we’re outsourcing such production at the same time the service sector has been growing relative to the industrial sector of the U.S. economy. Also, carbon intensity fell due to fuel switching as the price of coal rose 6.8% from 2008 to 2009 while the comparable price of natural gas fell 48% on a per Btu basis.

But where CO₂ emissions occur doesn’t matter to the climate system. The fact that U.S. emissions (or those of other developed nations) are falling doesn’t matter much if those emissions are merely being “exported” elsewhere, primarily to China. And we’re exporting more than industrial production – we’re exporting energy and carbon intensity, as well. The result? China has now overtaken the U.S. to become the world’s biggest emitter of greenhouse gases – and shows no sign of easing off. Coal is the basis of the Chinese economy, fueling over 80% of electricity generation. China’s already-enormous coal consumption – now three times U.S. consumption – is still growing, for example at an astonishing rate 28.1% from first quarter 2009 to first quarter 2010.

Even if falling U.S. emissions are a trend and not just a recession-related blip, falling U.S. emissions mean nothing if global emissions continue to rise.

As Gail the Actuary points out at The Oil Drum, what can’t happen, won’t:

Combine unprecedented consumption levels with furious growth rates and you quickly arrive at absurdities and impossibilities. As in, it won’t happen. The wheels will fall off the wagon first.

Reducing emissions will require reducing the production of “stuff” – and not only in the U.S., but also around the world. Global economic shrinkage is the only way out of our climate predicament, and our current focus on economic growth will have to be replaced by concern with economic justice.

Limited supplies of fossil fuels mean that “economic growth” as we know it will come to an end, sooner or later, whether we like it or not. The question that remains to be answered is, before the wheels do come off, will we have already set the world on a path to unstoppable warming? Or will we accept the inevitable and act in time to save the ecosystem that sustains us?

John Hofmeister, recently retired president of Shell Oil Company, told an audience at the Offshore Technology Conference that we face an “energy abyss”:

[D]espite the high oil price “wake up” call delivered to the US during the period 2005-2008, policymakers have been unable or unwilling to address the nation’s energy security, economic competitiveness that comes from affordable energy, and the potential jobs creation initiatives that a sound energy policy would and should deliver. Given the current trajectory of an aging infrastructure, decades of restrictions on drilling, failure to tackle the obstacles that prevent both more nuclear plant and clean coal plant projects, frittering at the edges of renewable energy, and avoidance of other energy “hard choices,” within the decade the nation faces an unprecedented energy abyss.

By 2020, there will be inadequate supplies of liquid fuels and electricity taking the nation toward inevitable gas lines, brown-outs, black-outs and extraordinary high prices.

The energy abyss will stick around for up to a full decade with all of the national insecurity, economic decline, joblessness and social malaise that accompanies energy shortages in third world countries.

The energy industry, despite its technological, geological, chemical, physical, molecular, logistical, scientific and engineering expertise and capacity to deliver affordable energy in endless supply, given all of the natural sources of energy in this country, and the world, will be unable to supply the demand because of public policy constraints. Yet, it will bear the brunt of the blame for energy shortages. Today’s energy professionals will bear the reputational burden of our national decline and failure because who else is blameable? Are you prepared to accept that blame, or are there viable alternatives, things you can do, to change the nation’s current trajectory?

Understanding the scope and depth of the energy system’s problems requires careful understanding of just how entrenched the obstacles are to sound enabling public policy. What do we do about “political time” dominance in the political process, up against “energy time” requirements to get projects launched and completed? How do you respond to the dysfunctional structures that our three independent branches of government have created over the course of time? Is it really necessary to have 13 executive branch agencies govern energy and the environment? Do we need 26 congressional committees and subcommittees writing legislation on energy? Should every federal district court have authority to delay and ultimately prevent citizens from having the energy they need because of the power of the judicial bench? How long can you tolerate the paralysis of partisanship where right and left wing interest groups, demagogues and authority figures, elected as well as appointed, prohibit mainstream, centrist Americans, most likely the majority of citizens, from achieving needed policy objectives? Are you willing to accept zigzag efforts to move energy policy forward forever?

The nation has to come to grips with its energy future sooner, not later. The time is now not then. We can’t wait for a ninth president and 19th congress to promise us whatever it takes to get elected and then lead us down another failed path. We should have learned by now but we haven’t.

One could object that Hofmeister blames the upcoming “energy abyss” on “public policy constraints” rather than geophysical or ecosystem constraints. But the very fact that an energy industry insider sees an energy abyss as inevitable should make folks sit up and take notice.

Of course other industry insiders, such as Matt Simmons, have been saying the same thing for years, for example in this presentation at the AON Annual Energy Insurance Symposium, January 14, 2010.

Even as the disastrous consequences of our dependence on fossil fuels unfold in the Gulf, we will continue to go about our business as usual.

Even as the disastrous consequences of our dependence on fossil fuels unfold in the Gulf, we will continue to go about our business as usual.

At least until the next energy crisis, when it will be too late. Gail the Actuary at The Oil Drum states what should be obvious:

No one is really willing to look at what our energy future is really likely to look like, and plan and make regulations on that basis. In my view, we really should be planning for what industry and transportation will need to look like, with no (or very little) fossil fuels. We need to look at what kind of roads we can maintain, and what, if any, kinds of vehicles will be able to run on them. If we don’t look to see where we are really headed, it is hard to see that we can take steps that will get us in the right direction.

What are the energy and emissions consequences of continuing to allow rural sprawl – the proliferation of nonfarm dwellings throughout the rural landscape? That’s one of the questions currently being addressed in Lane County by a task force looking at the county’s land use policies.

Rural development patterns enabled by cheap and abundant fossil fuels have energy and climate consequences, as almost 40% of total U.S. carbon dioxide emissions are associated with residences and cars. Changing development and transportation patterns can significantly impact energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

Data that break down per capita CO2 emission rates along other important categories of the United States, such as by urban vs. suburban vs. rural, rich vs. poor, apartment dwellers vs. homeowners, or by ethnic/racial origin is hard to come by. But new studies are beginning to shed some light on the issue.

A 2008 report by the Brookings Institution found that the average American in a metropolitan area has a carbon footprint of 8.21 tons — 14% less than the average American living outside the city.

Edward L. Glaeser, an economics professor at Harvard, reached a similar conclusion in a study titled The Greenness of Cities:  Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Urban Development. Glaeser and co-author Matthew Kahn found that cities generally have significantly lower emissions than suburban areas. The city-suburb gap is particularly large in older areas, like New York, which developed prior to the dominance of the automobile.

A new study titled Cities produce surprisingly low carbon emissions per capita appearing in the April issue of the journal Environment and Urbanization looked at cities in a variety of countries and, for the most part, affirms these findings. Analyzing the per capita emissions from 12 major cities in Europe, Asia, North America and South America, the study’s author, David Dodman of the International Institute for Environment and Development found that per capita emissions from cities were typically smaller, and often far smaller, than their nation’s averages.

For example, greenhouse gas emissions for New Yorkers are less than a third of those of the national average for the USA. Those of Barcelona residents are half the average for Spain.  Londoners have little more than half the greenhouse gas emissions per person of the UK average. Brazil’s two largest cities, Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro have less than one-third of the greenhouse gas emissions per person of the average for Brazil.

Tokyo has considerably lower emissions per person than either Beijing or Shanghai, suggesting that prosperity need not inevitably result in greater emissions and that well designed and well governed cities can combine high living standards with much lower greenhouse gas emissions. However, the study cautions that emissions from manufacturing are currently allocated to the countries in which these greenhouse gases are produced, rather than to the locations in which the finished products are purchased and used.

The main driver of greenhouse gas emissions is unsustainable consumption, especially in the world’s more affluent countries.

A new study concludes that carbon sequestration is a pipe dream:

Published reports on the potential for sequestration fail to address the necessity of storing CO2 in a closed system. Our calculations suggest that the volume of liquid or supercritical CO2 to be disposed cannot exceed more than about 1% of pore space. This will require from 5 to 20 times more underground reservoir volume than has been envisioned by many, and it renders geologic sequestration of CO2 a profoundly non-feasible option for the management of CO2 emissions.

The study, titled “Sequestering carbon dioxide in a closed underground volume”  by Christene Ehlig-Economides, professor of energy engineering at Texas A&M, and Michael Economides, professor of chemical engineering at University of Houston, is published in the Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering.

Total U.S. carbon dioxide emissions in 2007 were 6.02 billion metric tons (tonnes) including 2.16 billion tonnes from coal fired electric power generation, 2.6 billion tonnes from petroleum consumption mainly for transportation, and 1.2 billion tonnes from natural gas consumption. The EIA projects that US carbon dioxide emissions are forecast to reach 6.41 billion tonnes by 2030.

The Kyoto Protocol aims to keep the global temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius over pre-industrial levels and aims at stabilizing CO2 concentrations below 550 ppm – a target which scientists now believe is completely unrealistic.  Keeping CO2 levels below 350 ppm, perhaps far below, is necessary to maintain Earth’s climate as it has been during the time human civilization has developed.

If we’re to save Earth’s climate, the evidence is growing that our only hope is that oil runs out quickly and that we can muster the will to stop burning coal before we destroy ourselves.

Natural gas may not be nearly as “clean” as we thought. Here’s the opening paragraph from a new study by Cornell University Professor Robert W. Howarth titled Preliminary Assessment of the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Natural Gas obtained by Hydraulic Fracturing.

Natural gas is being widely advertised and promoted as a clean burning fuel that produces less greenhouse gas emissions than coal when burned. While it is true that less carbon dioxide is emitted from burning natural gas than from burning coal per unit of energy generated, the combustion emissions are only part of story and the comparison is quite misleading. A complete consideration of all emissions from using natural gas seems likely to make natural gas far less attractive than oil and not significantly better than coal in terms of the consequences for global warming. [Bold in original.]

Considering the release during combustion alone, greenhouse gas emissions from burning natural gas average 13.7 g C of CO2 per million joules of energy compared to 18.6 for gasoline, 18.9 for diesel fuel, and 24.0 for bituminous coal. Additional emissions of greenhouse gas occur during the development, processing, and transport of natural gas (due to the use of fossil fuels to build pipelines, truck water, drill wells, make the compounds used in drilling and fracturing, and treat wastes, and the loss of carbon-trapping forests). Howarth estimates that such emissions are at least one third of those released during combustion, compared to about 8% for gasoline and diesel. But the leakage of methane gas during production, transport, processing, and use of natural gas is the major culprit. Methane is by the far the major component of natural gas, and it is a powerful greenhouse gas: 72-times more powerful than is CO2 per molecule in the atmosphere.

Hydrofracking (high-volume, slick water hydraulic fracturing) is much worse than conventional methods of extracting natural gas.

A first attempt at comparing the total emissions of greenhouse gas emissions from HVSWHF obtained natural gas suggests that they are 2.4-fold greater than are the emissions just from the combustion of the natural gas. This estimate is highly uncertain, but is likely conservative, with true emissions being even greater. When the total emissions of greenhouse gases are considered, Greenhouse gas emissions from HVSWHF-obtained natural gas are estimated to be 60% more than for diesel fuel and gasoline. HVSWHF-obtained natural gas and coal from mountain-top removal probably have similar releases.

Howarth cautions that society should be wary of claims that natural gas is a desirable fuel in terms of the consequences on global warming. He urges us instead to rapidly move towards an economy based on renewable fuels.