ONE TOWN SQUARE: at the intersection of peak oil, climate change, and land use

These graphs posted by Charles Hugh Smith at Of Two Minds show just how skewed the distribution of wealth has become in the U.S over the past 40+ years.

The vast majority of assets held by the Baby Boom generation are in the top 5% of households, and most of the remaining assets are owned by the 15% tranch just beneath the top 5%. The bottom 80% don’t have much home equity or directly owned bonds or stocks.As Abraham Lincoln stated in the Gettysburg Address, our nation was founded on the proposition that all men are created equal. A nation so unequal as the U.S. has become cannot long endure.

The Environmental Law Institute recently conducted a review of U.S. government fossil fuel and renewable energy subsidies for Fiscal Years 2002-2008. The findings are presented in the paper, Estimating U.S. Government Subsidies to Energy Sources: 2002-2008 – and illustrated in the graphic “Energy Subsidies Black, Not Green.”

Key findings include:

• The vast majority of federal subsidies for fossil fuels and renewable energy supported energy sources that emit high levels of greenhouse gases when used as fuel.
• The federal government provided substantially larger subsidies to fossil fuels than to renewables. Subsidies to fossil fuels – approximately $72 billion over the study period, as opposed to $29 billion for renewables.
• Almost half of the subsidies for renewables went to corn-based ethanol [which at best has a barely positive EROEI, and whose climate and environmental consequences are questionable].
• The largest subsidies to fossil fuels were written into the U.S. Tax Code as permanent provisions. By comparison, many subsidies for renewables are time-limited initiatives implemented through energy bills, with expiration dates that limit their usefulness to the renewables industry.
• The vast majority of subsidy dollars to fossil fuels can be attributed to just a handful of tax breaks, such as the Foreign Tax Credit ($15.3 billion) and the Credit for Production of Nonconventional Fuels ($14.1 billion, though this credit has since been phased out).

Dan Weintraub argues at The Automatic Earth that the folks in charge really know better. They’re embracing “extend and pretend” fiscal policies in the present because they are deathly afraid of the alternative. They’re kicking the fiscal can down the road for a while longer so as head off the discontent and civil strife that always accompanies increases in austerity along with its attendant human suffering. The ruling elite understands all too well that present fiscal and monetary policies will fail to fix the underlying and most fundamental and socially destructive of all economic ills – those of an ever-widening gap between rich and poor, and the absolute disaster caused by an ever-shrinking, formerly self-sustaining American middle class. According to Weintraub, Krugman advocates for, and Bernanke is pursuing, policies whose aim is to keep civil strife from destroying, in the near term, the very fabric of American society. Weintraub errs, I think, only in failing to include Obama in his circle of conspirators.

As Tom Whipple observes, what we’re experiencing isn’t a routine downturn in the business cycle which can be cured by Keynesian stimuli favored by the Democrats or tax cuts favored by the Republicans. Rather, it’s the ending of a period of 200 years of abundant energy that allowed us to build an extremely complex civilization based on dozens of interrelated systems without which we can no longer live. The most important and the most overlooked system is the global biosphere. The consequences of its devastation for humans and all life on Earth are only now, too late, beginning to become evident.  At the same time our very complex civilization has begun to exhaust the sources of energy and numerous other raw materials that built and maintained it.

In our politics, we are struggling to return to a civilization which is no longer possible – and the inevitable failure of that effort is likely to be explosive. Whipple seconds Weintraub’s warnings of impending social chaos:

If anyone thinks the employment situation is difficult, wait a few years until the very high priced motor fuels makes discretionary car travel unaffordable. Millions upon millions of jobs in the retail, travel, hospitality, recreational, and dozens of other industries will be lost.The current efforts by various levels of government to stimulate job creation or save people from home foreclosures will prove to be ridiculously inadequate. A completely new paradigm of what we do to sustain life is going to have to emerge or things will become far worse than most of us have ever known. Modern civilization simply cannot stand a situation in which a substantial share of its people is destitute. The potential for social disorder is too great.

“A completely new paradigm” – doesn’t that sound lovely? Carolyn Baker is more blunt: what we are experiencing is the collapse of industrial civilization. And while we we can wax eloquent about rebirth, we absolutely refuse to acknowledge the death that makes it possible.  We don’t dare talk about the pain and suffering that collapse will entail. Any transition to a new paradigm of resilience and self-sufficiency won’t be accomplished without great suffering and painful loss. The path leads where it will, whether we like it or not. As Baker reminds us, transition requires an internal journey as well – a journey of the human spirit, the hero’s journey. And each of us is being called.

The Oregon Climate Change Research Institute (OCCRI) has released its first Oregon Climate Assessment Report, highlighting the impacts of climate change in Oregon.

The Report takes for a given the science:

• Temperatures will increase on average around 0.2-1°F per decade.
• Summers will be warmer and dryer.
• Extreme precipitation events will likely increase.
• Sea levels will rise, probably by 2 – 4 feet by 2100.

What will the consequences of climate change mean for Oregon?

Summer water supply will decrease as a result of reduced snowpack and summer precipitation. This will be tough on agriculture in Oregon, impacting the availability, quality and cost of water for irrigation. Wildfires will pose a bigger threat to Oregon’s forests. Coastal communities will be increasingly vulnerable to flooding and erosion. Many plant and animal species may have to pick up and move – if they can – or die, as their habitat shifts. Ocean waters will become warmer, and more acidic – and thus corrosive to certain species.

The Report emphasizes that we are already experiencing the impacts of climate change in Oregon.

Given the parade of horribles in the Report, you’d think the Report might urge strong action.  Think again.

The studies and projects discussed above present different lenses for examining public understanding and reactions to climate change. Although these studies and projects use different approaches, measures, and methods, commonalities are revealed; it is likely many Oregonians perceive climate change as a problem although they may not know the scientific details. There are cognitive and perceptual barriers that need to be addressed if we expect individuals or groups to change behaviors for either mitigating or adapting to climate change, although there appears to be general acceptance of and desire for government efforts that will direct such behavioral change. It may be possible to use existing state assessment and monitoring programs to monitor climate change impacts on cultural resources, built environments, and public health.

We need additional research to set baselines in order to monitor changes over time to understand more fully: (1) how a wide range of Oregonians who are likely to be affected by climate change due to the place they live, the job they hold, or the organization they work for experience climate change impacts; (2) the acceptability of specific policy and behavioral changes to a wide range of Oregonians; and (3) the barriers faced by individuals, groups, and organizations, including state agencies, as they start to respond to the observed impacts of climate change in Oregon.

That’s the recommended course of action? Wait until we “understand more fully” how and where Oregonians might be effected; what actions might prove acceptable, and when; and where and how strong the opposition is  to any action at all?

Pretty weak broth, following really sterling work laying out the situation.

A legislative summary of the report is available here.

As the latest round of climate talks kick off in Cancun, the world’s oldest and most prestigious scientific society is saying:

[T]here is now little to no chance of maintaining the global mean surface temperature at or below 2^°C. Moreover, the impacts associated with 2^°C have been revised upwards, sufficiently so that 2^°C now more appropriately represents the threshold between ‘dangerous’ and ‘extremely dangerous’ climate change.

The quote above is from the abstract of the article Beyond ‘dangerous’ climate change: emission scenarios for a new world, published in a special theme issue of the Royal Society of London periodical Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. The reports contained in the issue, entitled “Four degrees and beyond: the potential for a global temperature increase of four degrees and its implications”, stem from the Four Degrees and Beyond Conference held in September 2009. Participants were asked to specifically address the questions of (i) how probable a warming of four degrees or higher might be, (ii) what the consequences of such a warming might be for ecosystems and society, (iii) how to adapt to such large changes, and (iv) how to keep the risk of high-end climate change as low as possible.

Even if global carbon emission curbs were to be agreed in the future, the emissions reductions would be insufficient to limit global temperature rises to 2 degrees Celsius this century. To have a realistic chance of doing that, the world would have to get carbon emissions to peak within 15 years and then follow this up with a massive decarbonization of society. The odds of this happening are zero. It won’t happen – at least not voluntarily. The politics are simply too daunting.

We’ve already built in an overshoot of 2^°C, and are heading towards 4^°C. So what?

“In such a 4°C world, the limits for human adaptation are likely to be exceeded in many parts of the world, while the limits for adaptation for natural systems would largely be exceeded throughout the world.”

The concluding piece by Rachel Warren, “The role of interactions in a world implementing adaptation and mitigation solutions to climate change,” suggests that adaptation may not be possible. The interaction of impacts is likely to be overwhelming as ecosystems collapse over large parts of the Earth:

[A] 4°C world would be facing enormous adaptation challenges in the agricultural sector, with large areas of cropland becoming unsuitable for cultivation, and declining agricultural yields. This world would also rapidly be losing its ecosystem services, owing to large losses in biodiversity, forests, coastal wetlands, mangroves and saltmarshes, and terrestrial carbon stores, supported by an acidified and potentially dysfunctional marine ecosystem. Drought and desertification would be widespread, with large numbers of people experiencing increased water stress, and others experiencing changes in seasonality of water supply. There would be a need to shift agricultural cropping to new areas, impinging on unmanaged ecosystems and decreasing their resilience; and large-scale adaptation to sea-level rise would be necessary. Human and natural systems would be subject to increasing levels of agricultural pests and diseases, and increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events.

In such a 4°C world, the limits for human adaptation are likely to be exceeded in many parts of the world, while the limits for adaptation for natural systems would largely be exceeded throughout the world. Hence, the ecosystem services upon which human livelihoods depend would not be preserved. Even though some studies have suggested that adaptation in some areas might still be feasible for human systems, such assessments have generally not taken into account lost ecosystem services.

If the conclusions of the scientists contributing to the Royal Society’s special issue are not worrisome enough, their models still do not incorporate the feedback effects of methane emissions from thawing tundra or melting methane hydrates.

Preventing global warming by giving up the burning of fossil fuels – and doing so quickly – is humanity’s only hope.  Peak oil could yet prove to be humanity’s best friend.

The U.S military, the German military, the U.K. financial community, and the U.S. investment community have all acknowledged the immanence and the potentially calamitous consequences  of peak oil. But the words “peak oil” have yet to slip from a politician’s lips (with the amazing exception of Representative Roscoe Bartlett, R-Maryland).

A political body may at last be poised to take notice.

In New Zealand, a new research paper done for the New Zealand Parliament by the Parliamentary Service predicts decades of economic turmoil and recessions face the world as oil supplies run low and energy prices surge.

The paper is titled The Next Oil Shock?. A summary is available here.

Here are the key points from the summary:

• Oil is “the lifeblood of modern civilisation”. This paper provides an overview of the global oil market. In particular, it examines the outlook for oil supply and demand over the next five years, and the economic consequences.
• Low-cost reserves of oil are being rapidly exhausted, forcing oil companies to turn to more expensive sources of oil. This replacement of low-cost sources of oil with higher-costs sources is driving the price of oil higher.
• While the world will not run out of oil reserves for decades to come, it cannot indefinitely continue to produce oil at an increasing rate from the remaining reserves. Forecasts indicate that world oil production capacity will not grow or fall in the next five years while demand will continue to rise.
• If oil production capacity does not rise as fast as demand, the buffer of spare production capacity disappears. In such a ‘supply crunch’ the price of oil ‘spikes’ to high levels. High oil prices can induce global recessions.
• Organisations including the International Energy Agency and the US military have warned that another supply crunch is likely to occur soon after 2012 due to rising demand and insufficient production capacity.
• There is a risk that the world economy may be at the start of a cycle of supply crunches leading to price spikes and recessions, followed by recoveries leading to supply crunches.
• New Zealand is heavily dependent on oil imports and will remain so for the foreseeable future. While there is potential to substantially increase domestic production, domestic oil production cannot insulate New Zealand from global oil price shocks because New Zealand pays the world price for goods like oil.
• Key export-generating industries in the New Zealand economy including tourism and timber, dairy, and meat exports are very vulnerable to oil shocks because of their reliance on affordable international transport.

We’re not quite ready yet in our political discourse to face hard reality. And we’re not yet quite ready to concede that peak oil means peak demand as well – that is, the growth that is assumed in our political and economic thinking is over:

The world’s oil production capacity may not be sufficient to match growing demand in coming years. The potential for short-falls arises from geological, infrastructure, and political/economic constraints limiting the ability of world oil production capacity to grow while demand continues to rise.

Note the conditional language “if” and “may”, in the passage above and in this passage describing consequences of oil supply shortfalls:

If oil supply cannot meet demand a price spike may be triggered, with major detrimental effects on economies, especially those heavily dependent on oil imports.

Nevertheless, an important milestone has been reached. One political body in a major developed country is formally entertaining the concept of peak oil, considering the consequences, and conceiving that there may be storm clouds on the economic horizon. Notable for its absence is any indication of awareness that there may be political consequences as well.

Nobody “official” – no country, no established economic research institute, no international organization (such as the IMF) – appears willing to entertain any notion or to publicly discuss scenarios that don’t plan for a return to stable economic (GDP) growth.

But then there’s the non-establishment Institute for Integrated Economic Research – which is unafraid to think the unthinkable.

The IIER suspects the odds of business-as-usual coming to an end are pretty high.

Nate Hagens at The Oil Drum: Campfire suggests it might be entertaining and perhaps even enlightening to begin asking our politicians, what will you do if growth is over?

Over the last 60 years, anti-urban policies have resulted in an energy-sucking, emissions-spewing U.S. Edward L. Glaeser, a professor of economics at Harvard University, points to subsidization of highways and home ownership as deliberate policy choices that have bled cities and encouraged a suburban and exurban infrastructure – one that is dependent on high levels of energy inputs (resulting in emissions outputs) both for transportation and to power buildings.

Glaeser cites studies that find each new federally-funded highway passing through a central city reduces its population by about 18%. Cities don’t benefit much from that highway infrastructure because dense areas already have good means of getting around – like walking.

Subsidizing home ownership is also anti-urban. Glaeser gives Boston as an example: 62% of Boston homes are rented; 78 percent of suburban Wellesley homes are owner-occupied. Cities are dominated by apartments, and more than 85% of homes in multi-unit structures are rented. Suburbs are dominated by single-family detached houses, and more than 85% of such homes are owner-occupied. Multi-unit structures are generally both smaller and more energy-efficient than detached single-family dwellings considering both embedded and operating energy and emissions – at least up to a point.

Subsidizing home ownership, through Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the home mortgage interest deduction, lures people out of apartments and cities, increasing their energy and emissions footprints.

The U.S. isn’t alone in promoting sprawl. Canadian government at all levels spends more than four times as much on highways as on transit, thus opening up suburbs for development. As in the U.S, Canadian cities and suburbs artificially limit density through single-use zoning that also imposes density limitations and minimum parking requirements.  Low density limits the number of people who can walk to jobs, shops or transit stops, thus making development more car-oriented. But overall, the Canadian government promotes sprawl less aggressively than the United States – and gets less of it as a result.

One consequence of “less bad” anti-urban policies, Canadian cities are healthier and more vibrant than American cities. Among the ten cities that were America’s most populous in 1950, eight have lost population- often by huge margins.  The most extreme example is St. Louis, which lost 59 percent of its population between 1950 and 2000.  By contrast, every single one of Canada’s 1950 “Top Ten” cities has gained population.

So how to reduce energy consumption and emissions? A good start would be to eliminate highway subsidies, to stop subsidizing home ownership, and to give more respect and provide greater rewards to renters.

The Oregon Senate has approved a bill to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from cars and trucks.

SB 1059, which implements recommendations from 2009 Metropolitan Planning Organization Greenhouse Gas Emissions Task Force, does more than just set targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in metro areas. It also directs state agencies to:

• Develop a statewide transportation strategy on greenhouse gases.
• Craft a toolkit to assist local governments and metro areas in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector.
• Develop guidelines for scenario planning – used by communities across the country to consider alternative choices of land use patterns and transportation options to reduce emissions.
• Work with the Oregon University System to educate the public about the costs and benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
• Report back to the 2011 Legislature with an estimate of how much it will cost local governments to prepare and select a land use and transportation scenario that reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and potential sources of funding.
• Report back to the 2013 Legislative Assembly with an assessment of how the agencies are doing on these tasks.

The bill passed out of the Senate despite unanimous opposition from Republicans, 17-13 (Sen. Rick Metsger, D-Mount Hood joining the Rs in voting “no”). The bill now goes to the House, where it will most likely come up for a vote Wednesday.

Mary Kyle McCurdy, 1000 Friends of Oregon Policy Director, stated in a press release:

This victory will help create healthier, sustainable communities across Oregon. And it’s a major step for giving Oregonians better transportation choices.

The press release also quotes Chris Hagerbaumer, Deputy Director of the Oregon Environmental Council:

SB 1059 is a win-win for cities and towns across Oregon. The bill will help create the tools and resources local governments need to make cost effective decisions on planning future growth while also improving air quality and reducing harmful greenhouse gas emissions. Cities and towns of all sizes will be able to use the tools that the agencies develop.

The Task Force identified a number of additional benefits that would accrue from reducing greenhouse gas emissions, including: saving families money by reducing their transportation costs; lower public infrastructure costs; healthier lifestyles due to more opportunities to walk and bike; and greater energy security by reducing our reliance on fossil fuels.

UPDATE 2/25/2010: SB 1059, which would initiate steps to cut greenhouse gas emissions in transportation, is headed to the governor’s office after passing out of the House 32 to 26 Wednesday. The Rs voted against the bill as a solid block. Two Ds, Terry Beyer of Springfield and Arnie Roblan of Coos Bay, joined the Rs in opposition.

Amanda Gelder has a great interview with Jeremy Rifkin at Culturelab. What I find most intriguing are the connections Rifken draws among psychology, politics, and economics. We find ourselves in a pickle of historic proportions at the moment at least in part because of errors in thinking about these things.

I’ll try to pull together a couple of threads to focus on economic thinking and its relationship to the global crisis we face:

The Enlightenment view is that human beings are rational, detached agents that pursue our own self-interests and our nation states reflect that view. . .

A lot of interesting new discoveries in evolutionary biology, neuroscience, child development, anthropology and more suggest that human nature might not be what Enlightenment philosophers suggested. For instance, the discovery of mirror neurons suggests that we are not wired for autonomy or utility but for empathic distress; we are a social species.

* * *

Geopolitics is an extension of the Enlightenment view of human nature, the idea that we pursue our utilitarian pleasures and individual self-interests. In geopolitics, the nation-state becomes a macro view of that. Nations deal with nations by being rational, detached and calculating, pursuing self-interests, excercising power and acquiring more capital and wealth. That’s why Copenhagen failed. The world leaders weren’t thinking biosphere, they were thinking geopolitics. Everyone was looking out for their nation’s self-interest.

* * *

A lot of business people would say that you can’t be empathic in the market. But the market is a secondary institution–it’s an extension of culture. The real invisible hand of the market is trust, which is the result of empathic engagement. The only way you can have a market is if you have a shared narrative. The market is not a utilitarian frame of reference, it only exists by the social trust that allows people to engage in anonymous settings and believe that their engagements will be honored. When that trust fails, markets collapse and that’s what is happening now.

Rifken thinks the new world of distributed knowledge and distributed energy means we’ve moving from Homo sapien to Homo empathicus. His vision is attractive. I wish I could share his optimism. Still, we too often forget that philosophy does not live just in acedemia – it has real world implications. The “market” we have come to deify today is really nothing more than a myth, a powerful one that has turned destructive and threatens to consume civilization itself.

Rifkin has just published a new 600-page book, The Empathic Civilization: The Race to Global Consciousness in a World in Crisis, in which he expands on the ideas explored in the interview. I recall in my college days (note we were flower children of the 60s) reading books about evolving human consciousness.  Pierre Teilhard de Chardin’s  The Phenomenon of Man. Lancelot Law Whyte’s The Next Development in Man. Remember Charles Reich’s The Greening of America? Answer: not without some embarrassment.

So count me skeptical. My remaining aspirations are much less ambitious than forging a new human consciousness, rather just to eat well and live warmly in an increasingly uncertain world.

Lane County is convening a stakeholders group with the objective of revising the county’s comprehensive plan and development code to address the burning issues of the 21st century: how to best ensure cleaner, healthier, safer, and more prosperous communities in a world increasingly threatened by energy shortfalls and a warming climate.

Here’s the text of an email sent out by Planning Director Kent Howe:

All,

As part of the citizen involvement process for Lane County’s Long Range Planning Program, you have volunteered to participate in the Lane County Stakeholder Group that will be reviewing potential revisions to land use policies and regulations.

The Lane County Board of Commissioners has directed Land Management Division staff to facilitate this group process.

The first meeting of the Stakeholder’s Group is Thursday, February 25th, 6:00pm, Harris Hall, 125 E. 8th Ave, Eugene.

At the Feb 17, 2010, meeting the Board specified the Stakeholder Group review the first 6 policy issues in the Goal One Code Amendment Proposal, attached. These correspond to lines 1-24 on the Preliminary List of Code Amendments spread sheet, also attached.

We look forward to working with you. If you have any questions, please give me a call.

Thanks,

Kent Howe
Planning Director
Lane County
541-682-3734

The text of the amendments proposed by Goal One Coalition and LandWatch Lane County is available here.

So all of you Lane County folks who are concerned about figuring out a way to strong local economies that will be resilient enough to grapple with the challenges we are already beginning to face, here’s your chance to take on the developers who normally have their way.

See you Thursday!

Republican Governor Jan Brewer has pulled Arizona out of the Western Climate Initiative.

The Western Climate Initiative is made up of seven Western states — Arizona, California, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah and Washington — and four Canadian provinces. Its modest goal is to achieve a 15% reduction from 2005 emissions levels by 2020. The regional cap-and-trade program was to begin in 2012, but California is the only state on schedule.

The New York Times quotes Benjamin Grumbles, the head of the state’s environmental agency:

Green and grow is our approach now.

Fearful that cutting emissions plan will slow the state’s economic recovery, Arizona will focus less on regulations and instead support initiatives to expand the use of solar power, nuclear power and other renewable energy sources. Arizona will look at “growth policies that limit pollution” and “steps to adapt to the changing climate.”

Arizona is also reconsidering the stricter vehicle-emissions rules set to take effect in 2012.

A glimpse at conditions to which Arizona is going to have to adopt to is found in the U.S. Global Change Research Program report, Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States (2009):

Recent warming in the Southwest has been among the most rapid in the nation. This is driving declines in spring snowpack and Colorado River flow. Projections of future climate change indicate continued strong warming in the region, with much larger increases under higher emissions scenarios compared to lower. Projected summertime temperature increases are greater than the annual average increases in parts of the region and are likely to be exacerbated by expanding urban heat island effects. Further water cycle changes are projected, which, combined with increasing temperatures, signal a serious water supply challenge in the decades and centuries ahead. The prospect of future droughts becoming more severe due to warming is a significant concern, especially because the Southwest continues to lead the nation in population growth.

The report identifies several key issues for the Southwest as climate rapidly changes:

• Water supplies will become increasingly scarce, calling for tradeoffs among competing uses, and potentially leading to conflict.
• Increasing temperature, drought, wildfire, and invasive species will accelerate transformation of the landscape.
• Increased frequency and altered timing of flooding will increase risks to people, ecosystems, and infrastructure.
• Unique tourism and recreation opportunities are likely to suffer.
• Cities and agriculture face increasing risks from a changing climate.

“Green and grow.” Sigh.

A deal was reached at the last minute in “Nopenhagen” among the U.S. China, India, Brazil and South Africa. About 25 other nations signed on, but other countries instead agreed only to “take note” of the document – that is, to simply recognize that it exists.

Obama called “Copenhagen Accord” a “meaningful and unprecedented” step to slow global warming. Bill McKibben described it as “non-binding, unfair, and breathtakingly unambitious.”

Lars-Erik Liljelund, the director general of Swedish Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt’s office, had a different take:

The meeting was a disaster. The process needs to be changed because if we continue like this, we won’t be any further a year from now.

The deal reached calls for voluntary steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Obama admitted the agreement is just empty talk:

It will not be legally binding, but what it will do is allow for each country to show to the world what they are doing.

The Copenhagen accord “recognizes” the scientific case for keeping temperature rises to no more than 2° C above pre-industrial levels. But the accord calls for only a 50% reduction in global emissions by 2050 (80% in developed countries), and does not contain any actual commitments to emissions reductions to achieve that goal. As a U.N. secretariat memo that was leaked at conference shows, the “voluntary” cuts on offer would produce a rise of at least three degrees and a CO2 concentration of at least 550 ppm, not the 450 ppm that supposedly is necessary to hit the 2° C target. The best guess from the modelers at Climate Interactive was that the proposals various countries were making might yield a world about 3.52° C warmer, with a carbon concentration of 770 ppm. That’s far from the 350 ppm scientists now believe is necessary to avoid climate catastrophe.

A decision on targets for reducing carbon emissions by 2020 was put off until next month.

The accord also establishes a goal of developed countries “mobilizing jointly 100 billion dollars a year by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries,” predicated on developed countries judging the mitigation actions to be “meaningful” and “transparent.” Trillions shoveled to the bankers, no questions asked. A pittance to save the planet, someday – and that “goal” hedged to the hilt.

The developing countries also pledged $30 billion for the period 2010 – 2012, with priority to be given to the most vulnerable developing countries. The money would be split between adaptation and mitigation, including forestry. Ian Fry of the drowning island-nation Tuvalu compared it to “being offered 30 pieces of silver to betray our people and our future”.

The accord ends with a promise to take another look in 2016 – and perhaps to consider a 1.5° C target at that time.

In what is becoming a familiar refrain, Obama told delegates to quit bitching – an “imperfect framework” is better than nothing.

Obama should take lessons on negotiating from the Chinese. China won, in the sense they achieved their objective of stonewalling any meaningful agreement.

The Chinese should take note, as should we all: sow the wind, reap the whirlwind.